A 57-year-old man who is HIV-positive presents to his physician with headache, nausea and vomiting, and a change in mental status. No nuchal rigidity is noted. A lumbar puncture is performed and shows a high opening pressure. A preparation of his bronchoalveolar lavage fluid with India ink stain is shown in the image. Intravenous treatment is started for the acute condition. Which of the following adverse effects might occur with this patient’s initial treatment?
一名57岁的 HIV 阳性男性因头痛、恶心和呕吐以及精神状态改变而到医生处就诊。未观察到颈强直。进行腰椎穿刺,显示开放压力较高。图中显示了使用印度墨水染色的支气管肺泡灌洗液制备物。急性疾病开始静脉治疗。该患者的初始治疗可能发生以下哪些不良反应?
(A) Arrhythmia 心律失常
(B) Bone marrow suppression 骨髓抑制
(C) Flushing 潮红
(D) Gynecomastia 男性乳腺发育
(E) Nausea and vomiting 恶心和呕吐
答案解析:
艾滋病患者易受各种感染,这些感染在免疫功能正常人群中并不常见。在引起这些患者发热和头痛的疾病中有隐球菌、弓形虫病和中枢神经系统 (CDS) 淋巴瘤。用印度墨水染色的封装酵母是新型隐球菌的病征学描述,这是一种在鸽子粪便中发现的酵母。当患者吸入可导致肺炎的真菌颗粒时,就会发生感染。新型隐球菌的初始治疗是静脉注射 (IV) 两性霉素B,一旦患者病情稳定,随后给予氟康唑。两性霉素中毒可引起发热、寒战、低血压、肾毒性和心律失常。心律失常是由于 QT 间期延长所致,钾和镁水平的变化可加重 QT 间期延长。
正确答案:A
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