A 67-year-old woman is evaluated in the emergency department for a three-day history of dysuria and generalized fatigue. Temperature is 36.7°C (98.1°F), heart rate 115 beats/min, blood pressure 80/50 mm Hg, and oxygen saturation 93% on room air. She receives 2 liters of crystalloid but remains hypotensive. She is admitted to the ICU with septic shock and gram-negative bacteremia requiring vasopressors. Her mentation improves, but repeat laboratory testing shows new anemia and thrombocytopenia. Laboratory findings are: hemoglobin 10.5 g/dL, platelet count 70,000/mm3, INR 2.2, prothrombin time greater than 3 sec, elevated fibrin degradation products, partial thromboplastin time 50 sec, fibrinogen 190 mg/dL. A blood smear shows multiple schistocytes. She has no signs of overt bleeding or oozing from any vascular sites.
In addition to treating her sepsis, which of the following treatments is indicated?
A. Freshfrozen plasma
B. Platelets
C. Plasma exchange
D. Treatment of the underlying condition
E. Factor VII
答案解析:
该患者患有尿源性脓毒性休克,并发生弥散性血管内凝血(DIC),表现为凝血因子升高、微血管病性溶血性贫血伴裂红细胞和血小板减少。DIC引起凝血系统功能障碍,导致纤维蛋白异常沉积,引起微血管血栓,促成多器官功能衰竭。患者有血栓形成或严重出血。暴发性紫癜背景下DIC的死亡率为18%;DIC的存在是脓毒症患者死亡率的独立预测因素。脓毒症是ICU中DIC最常见的原因。与其发病机制有关的常见微生物包括金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌。尽管该患者的血涂片有裂红细胞,但她没有血栓性血小板减少性紫癜(TTP)的任何其他临床表现,包括精神状态改变或肾衰竭。虽然TTP的5个经典表现在大多数患者中均未发现,但TTP患者凝血功能检测并无异常。IV免疫球蛋白在该患者的管理中无作用。
根据国际血栓与止血学会,根据该评分系统和管理算法,患者可患有显性或非显性DIC:1)血小板计数。50,000-100,000/mm3(1分),小于50,000/mm3(2分);2)d-二聚体、纤维蛋白降解产物升高。无升高(0分)、中度升高(2分)、大幅升高(3分);3)凝血酶原时间延长。小于3 s(0分)、3-6 s(1分)、大于或等于6 s(2分);4)纤维蛋白原。大于或等于1 g/L(0分),小于或等于1 g/L(1分)。总分大于5分意味着显性DIC,应至少每天重复凝血检查。总分低于5分意味着非显性DIC,应在1-2天内重复凝血研究和评分。现行指南不建议非活动性出血患者替代血液制品。因此,该患者的正确管理是在1-2天内重复凝血研究观察。
正确答案:D
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