A 70-year-old woman with a history of nephrolithiasis and myocardial infarction is admitted to the ICU with hypotension and urosepsis. She is treated with fluid resuscitation, antibiotics, and vasopressor support. While being admitted, she develops atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular rate, which is controlled with a diltiazem infusion. An echocardiogram shows mild systolic impairment, normal left atrial size, and normal valves. Thyroid function tests are are normal. Three days later, the urosepsis has resolved and she undergoes diuresis but remains in atrial fibrillation with ventricular rate controlled on an oral medication regimen. An oral anticoagulation is being considered, given the ongoing atrial fibrillation.
Which of the following is the best risk-benefit analysis of thrombosis and bleeding?
A. Thrombosis risk: high, bleeding risk: high
B. Thrombosis risk: high, bleeding risk: low
C. Thrombosis risk: low, bleeding risk: high
D. Thrombosis risk: low, bleeding risk: low
答案解析:
危重疾病期间发生的房颤(AF)对管理提出了挑战。最近的证据表明,在急性疾病(如败血症)期间发生AF的患者发生AF相关并发症(如卒中、心力衰竭和死亡)的长期风险较高。因此,所有AF持续时间超过48小时的患者均应接受抗凝评价。关于适当血栓预防的决定需要对此类治疗的卒中风险和出血风险进行个体评估。已经开发了经验证的风险评分工具用于临床,以评估出血和血栓形成的风险。
CHADS2评分是评估AF患者血栓形成风险的一种简单且流行的工具。然而,最近的数据表明,该评分不能解释几种常见亚群的风险,包括外周血管疾病患者、女性和血栓形成风险随年龄变化的患者。考虑到这些局限性,开发了CHA2DS2-VASc评分,目前推荐用于AF风险评估。一般而言,对于既往发生过卒中、短暂性脑缺血发作或CHA2DS2-VASc评分≥2的患者,建议使用口服抗凝剂,如华法林或直接凝血酶抑制剂。对患者进行抗凝治疗的决定必须权衡出血风险。最近开发了HAS-BLED评分,建议用于辅助出血风险评估。HAS-BLED评分为3分或以上的患者被认为在接受抗凝治疗时具有出血高风险。
该患者说明了使用风险分层工具的意义。她的HAS-BLED评分为1(年龄大于65岁),表明她接受抗凝治疗的出血风险较低。如果使用CHADS2评估她的卒中风险,她的评分将为0,因此她将被处方阿司匹林或无抗血栓治疗。相反,在CHA2DS2-VASc上,她的评分为3分(女性、年龄70岁和既往心肌梗死:各1分),使她处于卒中高风险中,因此使她成为口服抗凝治疗的候选者。
正确答案:B
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