A 26-year-old man is found in his basement obtunded and very tachypneic. He is brought to the emergency department, where the most significant physical examination findings are depressed mental status and high respiratory rate. Laboratory studies reveal a pure anion gap acidosis, with an anion gap of 38, an osmolar gap of 6 mOsm/kg, a creatinine of 2.2 mg/dL, and a pH of 6.95.
Which of the following is a principle that should guide this patient’s management?
A. The lack of an osmolar gap rules out toxic alcohol ingestion.
B. Antidotal treatment with ethanol or fomepizole is the definitive treatment of choice.
C. There is no role for sodium bicarbonate administration.
D. Emergent hemodialysis is the most appropriate therapy.
答案解析:
在具有这种表现的患者中,除精神状态抑郁和极高的阴离子间隙外,没有明显的中毒迹象,必须怀疑摄入有毒酒精。在这种情况下,患者饮用了抗冻剂,导致乙二醇过量。乙二醇通过乙醇脱氢酶代谢为乙醇酸和草酸;甲醇代谢为甲酸。渗透压间隙可用于诊断这些摄入,但并非万无一失。随着酒精的代谢,渗透压间隙变窄,阴离子间隙增加。该患者的阴离子间隙为38,pH值为6.95,发生了显著代谢,这解释了其病情危重和缺乏渗透压间隙的原因。此外,乙醇或甲吡唑(乙醇脱氢酶的竞争性抑制剂)治疗不会清除毒性代谢物,但有助于防止更多代谢物的进一步蓄积/代谢。该患者需要紧急血液透析以纠正其危及生命的酸中毒,并清除毒性代谢物。此外,辅助治疗将包括甲吡唑直至乙二醇水平检测不到,碳酸氢钠(至少在透析开始前)通过离子捕获增强甲酸盐和草酸盐消除,以及补充硫胺素和吡哆醇。
另一个需要考虑的有毒酒精是异丙醇,它存在于摩擦酒精中。这被代谢为丙酮,经尿液消除。与乙二醇和甲醇相比,异丙醇不会引起代谢性酸中毒,但已知会引起恶心、呕吐和胃肠道出血以及重度中毒。
正确答案:D
补充内容:阴离子间隙
阴离子间隙(AG):指血浆中未测定的阴离子(UA)与未测定的阳离子(UC)浓度间的差值,即AG=UA—UC。由于细胞外液中阴阳离子总当量数相等,故有:已测定阳离子(Na+)+未测定阳离子(UC)=已测定阴离子(Cl-+HCO3-)+未测定阴离子(UA)。阴离子间隙可根据血浆中常规可测定的阳离子(Na+)与常规测定的阴离子(Cl-和HCO3-)的差算出,即AG={[Na+]+[K+]}-{[Cl-]+[HCO3-]}。AG的正常值为8–16mmol/l,平均值为12mmol/l。目前多以AG>16mmol/l作为判断是否有AG增高型代谢性酸中毒的界限。
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