A 22-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with severe head and neck pain that developed during the past 8 hours. She has a temperature of 39.0°C, a heart rate of 125 beats per minute, and a blood pressure of 120/70 mm Hg. In the emergency department, she experiences a self-limited generalized tonic–clonic seizure(全身强直-阵挛性发作) that lasts 10 seconds.
She is up to date with Covid-19 vaccinations, and testing for SARS-CoV-2 is negative. Laboratory testing yields the following results:
After obtaining blood cultures and initiating dexamethasone(地塞米松) and empiric antimicrobial therapy, what should be the next step in evaluating a patient with suspected bacterial meningitis who experienced a self-limited generalized tonic–clonic seizure that lasted 10 seconds?
A. Test for pneumococcal urinary antigen
B. Perform electroencephalography(脑电图)
C. Perform CT of the head
D. Perform lumbar puncture(腰穿)
E. Order MRI of the brain
答案解析:
在大多数疑似细菌性脑膜炎的患者中,无需事先进行任何头部成像即可进行腰椎穿刺。然而,并非所有患者都可以直接进行腰椎穿刺。该程序对颅内压升高的人有脑干突出和死亡的风险;因此,颅内压升高的患者在进行腰椎穿刺之前,应接受头部成像。这包括癫痫发作的患者(如本案)、局灶性神经系统缺陷的患者、免疫功能低下的患者,以及有乳头状体或中度至严重意识受损的患者。
在大多数情况下,CT是大脑成像最容易获得的测试。MRI提供了类似的信息,但需要更长的时间,并可能导致其他诊断和治疗干预的延迟。辅助地塞米松应在经验性抗菌治疗的同时或之前服用。经验性抗菌治疗的延迟与较差的结果有关。细菌性泌尿抗原通常对细菌性脑膜炎的评估没有帮助。在单次自限性癫痫发作后,在急性环境中无需进行脑电图(EEG),并将延迟CT和腰椎穿刺的更紧急评价。如果患者的精神状态仍持续改变,并且担心持续癫痫发作,尤其是非惊厥性癫痫发作,则需要进行EEG检查;在这种情况下,患者应接受抗癫痫经验性治疗,EEG应在CT后同时或腰椎穿刺后进行。
正确答案:C
参考文献:
- McGill F et al. Acute bacterial meningitis in adults. Lancet 2016 Dec 17; 388:3036.
- Tunkel AR et al. Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 2004 Oct 21; 39:1267.
来源于:https://knowledgeplus.nejm.org/question-of-week/539/answer/C/?source=https://www.nejm.org
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